Engineering design guideline refrigeration systems rev02. The operating pressure for co 2 is very high the triple point for co 2 70 psig 4. Ammonia systems are now available in compactsmaller systems. Low charge adx ammonia global cold chain expo 2018. Apr 27, 2018 industrial refrigeration differs greatly from domestic refrigeration because of the large scale and complexities involved. Nov 15, 2012 environmental and financial viability of 100% natural refrigeration.
Industrial refrigeration system basics, in this video well be looking at how ammonia refrigeration systems work, starting at the basics to. As is customary in developing any product, evapco performs extensive testing on full scale products. Industrial refrigeration systems predominantly use natural refrigerants, primarily ammonia and more recently co2 energy efficiency and the effective operation of those systems are the key parameters for operators of the plants the focus of the white paper is the comparisons of hot gas defrost strategy control methods, both on the hot gas side. As experienced designers and creators of cuttingedge ammonia refrigeration systems customized to meet your exact requirements, we know that futureproof, costeffective solutions are a priority. The majority of plants with industrial ammonia refrigeration systems utilize an oil pot which is a vessel equipped with an oil drain valve in series with either a selfclosing or manual quickclosing emergency stop valve connected to the oil drain point, a vent line, a vent line isolation valve, and an approved.
The danfoss product range for the refrigeration and air. Applications for ammoniabased refrigeration systems include thermal storage systems, hvac chillers, process cooling, air conditioning, winter. Many of the requirements of the process safety management standard, 29 cfr 1910. Existing refrigeration systems are expected to maintain and test their fire control box. Certificates of completion for nonaia members are available on request. Safe management of ammonia refrigeration systems january 2016 page 5 of 49 introduction 1. Subcooling and superheating in industrial refrigeration. An ammonia refrigeration system, like all vaporcompression refrigeration systems, are made up. Operation of ammonia refrigeration systems international institute of ammonia refrigeration introduction the purpose of this chapter is to provide a reference document containing suggested practices for the operation of an ammonia refrigeration system.
Ammonia ions are a naturally occurring body chemical and are produced in the kidneys and by the metabolism of proteins. Theoretical refrigeration cycle and flow diagram p. However, users had trouble with these systems because. Hence, ammonia absorption refrigeration may be competitive in term of. Globally, there is a growing interest in ammonia as a refrigerant, both by itself, and in cascade refrigeration systems with carbon dioxide and other secondary system designs. Introduction to ammonia refrigeration systems ashrae. Industrial refrigeration system basics ammonia refrigerant.
Iiar ammonia refrigeration piping handbook pdf iiar ammonia refrigeration piping handbook. Ammonia refrigeration systems operate in a similar manner to fluorocarbon systems, but have several key differences. Subcooling in refrigeration implies cooling the refrigerant in liquid state, at uniform pressure, to a temperature that is less than the saturation. Decommissioning of ammonia refrigeration systems shall comply with.
Applications for ammoniabased refrigeration systems include thermal storage systems, hvac chillers, process cooling, air conditioning, winter sports, district cooling systems, heat pump systems, supermarkets, convenience stores, and increasing output efficiencies for power generation facilities. No matter the amount of anhydrous ammonia in your refrigeration system, it is important to adhere to ragagep. Safe management of ammonia refrigeration systems january 2016 page 2 of 49 foreword this guidance has been developed by industry, following the withdrawal of hses publication pm81, to give clear current crosssector guidance on the safe management of ammonia refrigeration systems. Anhydrous ammonia as a refrigerant where is ammonia used as a refrigerant. The twin hazards of toxicity and flammability normally associated with ammonia also do not appear in the list of circumstances although approximately 90% of the companys business is in the supply and ongoing maintenance of ammonia systems. Standard for safe design of closed circuit ammonia refrigeration systems ansiiiar 3 ammonia refrigeration valves ansiiiar 4 installation of closed circuit ammonia mechanical refrigeration systems ansiiiar 5 startup and commissioning of closed circuit ammonia refrigeration systems iiar 6 standard for inspection, testing. The highest levels of efficiency in these systems are achieved through a. While you will not usually find an ammoniabased system inside a home ammonia is a very toxic substance, and the refrigerators are very expensive, they are used in factories that need large refrigeration devices that can cool substances very quickly. Industrial refrigeration system basics ammonia refrigeration. Automatic controls for industrial refrigeration systems.
In a gas pressure system it would be the controlled pressure receiver. Refrigeration systems using ammonia refrigerant and the buildings in which such systems are installed shall comply with iiar2 for system design and installation and iiar7 for operating procedures. Iiar 9 ansiiiar, standard 9, minimum system safety requirements for existing closedcircuit ammonia refrigeration systems. This paper examines the causes of typical accidents experienced in industrial refrigeration and compares requirements for ammonia and fluorocarbon system. The co2 is cooled by the upper cascade located on the roof. American national standard for ansiiiar 42015 installation. Environmental and financial viability of 100% natural refrigeration. If you are engaged in manufacturing or supply chain for such perishable products, you need to know all about. Ammonia is a chemical consisting of one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. Feb 07, 2019 industrial refrigeration system basics ammonia refrigerant. A refrigeration system is a combination of components and equipment connected in a sequential order to produce the desired refrigeration effect cooling or heating.
A place where liquid ammonia changes its state from a liquid to a vapor with some. Iiar minimum safety criteria for a safe ammonia refrigeration system. Introduction chapter 1 introduction courtesy of frick background this guide identifies and discusses best practices for making industrial refrigeration systems both energyefficient and productive. While you will not usually find an ammonia based system inside a home ammonia is a very toxic substance, and the refrigerators are very expensive, they are used in factories that need large refrigeration devices that can cool substances very quickly. The low charge ammonia refrigeration system has a capacity up to 75 tons while still maintaining a less than epa regulated 100 lbs of ammonia. Appendix a shows that, for ammonia refrigeration systems, a storage vessel or receiver is the place where the worstcase release quantity is expected to reside. Ammonia1 has been used as a refrigerant in industrial applications for more than 150 years. Fundamentals of mechanical refrigeration systems course content introduction mechanical refrigeration is a thermodynamic process of removing heat from a lower temperature heat source or substance and transferring it to a higher temperature heat sink. Application handbook industrial refrigeration ammonia and co2. In this video were going to be looking at industrial refrigeration system basics with a focus on ammonia refrigeration systems, well start at the basics and work our way up covering some typical systems for single stage, two stage as well as cascade systems to help you learn the basics of industrial refrigeration.
Is to understand the basic function of a refrigeration system. Manual for refrigeration servicing introduction technicians. The danfoss product range for the refrigeration and air conditioning industry. Covers the safe design, operation, and inspection of ammonia refrigeration systems. For ammonia systems, iiar bulletin also addresses the subject of safety valves. Installation is greatly simplified because the compact skid unit is factory build and tested.
Ammonia refrigeration fundamentals graphic products. Industrial refrigeration best practices guide 1 chapter 1. This testing provides valuable information into how low charge ammonia systems operate differently than a traditional system. End users of ammonia refrigeration systems are increasingly interested in reducing the charge of ammonia in evaporators and in the overall system in the interest of minimizing the risk to workers and products associated with ammonia leaks. Refrigeration maintains the temperature of the heat source below that of its surroundings. Industrial refrigeration differs greatly from domestic refrigeration because of the large scale and complexities involved. Ammonia refrigeration systems have traditionally employed evaporators supplied with liquid by either gravity flooding with surge drums, or pumped overfeed either with mechanical pumps or discharge gas rdriven vessels.
Maintenance work at ammonia refrigeration systems requiring welding, soldering or cutting must be performed with extreme caution. Ammonia piping should conform to asme standard b, refrigerant piping reprinted by permission from ashrae handbookrefrigeration. Ansiiiar 42015 installation of closedcircuit ammonia refrigeration systems international institute for ammonia refrigeration 1001 north fairfax street, suite 503. Industrial refrigeration basics the engineering mindset. Ammonia cooling systems make the basis of industrial refrigeration for industries such as frozen foods, pharmaceuticals, food processing and beverage processing. Model risk management program and plan for ammonia refrigeration may 1996 prepared by science applications international corporation reston, va this document provides generic guidance on the risk manag ement program rmp for ammonia refrigeration facilities. Absorption refrigeration an overview sciencedirect topics. System design for industrial ammoniaco cascade installations. Jul 17, 2017 ammonia refrigeration systems operate in a similar manner to fluorocarbon systems, but have several key differences. Early refrigerants included ammonia, sulfuric ether, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride. Any water in the system would freeze and obstruct piping, so ammonia refrigeration systems must use anhydrous ammonia without water or other impurities. The rapid evaporation causes the temperature of the liquid to drop until it reaches the normal boiling point of 28f, a similar effect occurs when water evaporates off the skin, thus cooling it. Application handbook automatic controls for industrial refrigeration systems.
Model risk management program and plan for ammonia refrigeration may 1996 prepared by. Before we discuss subcooling and super heating, it is essential to understand what refrigeration is. Accident prevention and response manual for anhydrous ammonia refrigeration system operators. Explains how water can contaminate an ammonia refrigeration system, how this can be prevented, and how water can be removed.
Are you looking to achieve greater efficiency and generate a fast return on your refrigeration investment. The carpinteria refrigeration system is a cascade design with co2 as the instore refrigerant. On the other hand, the cop s of industrial vapourcompression systems are much higher 2. Industrial refrigeration ammonia and co2 applications danfoss. Decommissioning of ammonia refrigeration systems shall comply with iiar8. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to ces records for aia members. Installation is greatly simplified because the compact skid unit is. Refrigeration is the extraction of heat, or the transmission of heat by mechanical methods, from one location to another. Introduction to ammonia refrigeration systems madison ashrae. Thus, the basics of refrigeration technique have not been presented. Provides is a tutorial and reference book that represents the collective efforts of the most knowledgeable.
Apr 01, 20 at this introductory webinar you will learn the basics of reducing energy use, lowering operating costs and improving refrigeration system reliability. In recirculating systems the ammonia having the highest water content will be found in the vessel from which the liquid is supplied to the evaporators. Industrial refrigeration systems have used anhydrous ammonia for more than a sesquicentennial. Welcome to the manual for refrigeration servicing technicians.
Assists employers and employees in identifying and controlling the hazards associated with the operation and maintenance of ammonia refrigeration systems. Installation of closedcircuit ammonia refrigeration systems american national standard for ansiiiar 42015. It is an ebook for people who are involved in training and. Nh 3 systems should therefore be purged with air or a nonflammable gas prior to starting the welding work in order to remove residual ammonia. Preface water contamination of the ammonia refrigerant is common in many refrigerating systems. Ammonia is extremely soluble in water and is frequently used as a water solution called aqua ammonia. Basic closed cycle refrigeration system has changed very little since then. It continues to be the refrigerant of choice in many food processing. For the upper cascade on this project we have 2 independent technologies. Because ammonias properties are best suited to large refrigeration systems, there is likely to be a large amount of ammonia in any system that uses it. Low ammonia charge refrigeration systems for cold storage. Ammonia chemically combines with water to form ammonium hydroxide. At this introductory webinar you will learn the basics of reducing energy use, lowering operating costs and improving refrigeration system reliability. This guidance may go further than the minimum needed.
Section 2 scope closedcircuit refrigeration systems utilizing ammonia as the refrigerant and overpressure device piping when used in conjunction with a closedcircuit ammonia mechanical refrigeration system shall comply with this standard. Water may enter the system as a result of installation, service, leakage, etc acid is. Removing or altering the fire control box shall be approved by ocfa. An introduction to ammonia refrigeration systems ashrae is a registered provider with the american institute of architects continuing education systems. Regulatory oversight on cfc, hcfc, and other synthetic refrigerants, have refocused attention on ammonia to. This is why ammonia is used in refrigeration systems. As is customary in developing any product, evapco performs extensive testing on. Industrial absorption systems make use of pumping and heat recovery devices that allow getting cops between 0. Water, acids and particles appear naturally in fluorinated refrigeration systems. If your refrigeration facility has an inventory of 10,000 pounds or more of anhydrous ammonia, your facility is subject to the osha process safety management and the epa risk management program regulations. Section 2 scope closedcircuit refrigeration systems utilizing ammonia as the refrigerant and overpressure device piping when used in conjunction with a closedcircuit ammonia mechanical refrigeration system shall. The liver converts ammonia ion rapidly to harmless urea, which is used in the body process or is excreted in the urine.